Second Qtr Science Vocab 09-10

44. structure	56. root	68. sperm	80. pheromone
45. function	57. shoot	69. gastropod	81. asexual
46. seed	58. transpiration	70. tentacle	82. habitat
47. photosynthesis	59. stomate	71. hermaphrodite	83. individual
48. carbon dioxide	60. guard cell	72. anthropomorphism	84. population
49. oxygen	61. pistil	73. estivation	85. community
50. germinate	62. stigma	74. exoskeleton	86. ecosystem
51. seed coat	63. ovary	75. thorax	87. biotic
52. embryo	64. egg	76. abdomen	88. abiotic
53. cotyledon	65. stamen	77. metamorphosis	89. proboscis
54. xylem	66. anther	78. molting
55. moncot/dicot	67. pollen	79. nymph

chloroplast - small, round, green part of a plant cell, which contains the chemical chlorophyll and performs photosynthesis

28. control - part of an experiment that remains the same; showing the reaction or non-reaction of the materials without the variable

32. seed - part of a plant containing the embryo of a new plant surrounded by starchy food

embryo - the early form of a multicellular organism; a "baby" plant inside a seed, for example

seed coat - the nearly airtight covering around a seed that protects the embryo and cotyledon from the environment, until the conditions are right for germination

cotyledon - the part of a seed containing starchy food for the new plant (for the embryo)

function - the "job" that something does; what a structure does, or what purpose is served by a part of an organism

monocot/dicot - seeds (or plants) which have one cotyledon (monocots), or two cotyledons (dicots)

shoot - the first growth of the stem and leaf from a seed (appears after the root)

species - the smallest taxonomic group; a group of organisms that can only reproduce sexually within that group

root - usually underground part of a plant which absorbs water, holds the plant in place, and sometimes stores food

tissue - lots of the same kind of cells, working together to perform a specific job; tissues together form organs.

carbon dioxide - a gas in our atmosphere that is necessary ingredient for photosynthesis; carbon dioxide is given off by animals

47. photosynthesis - the process in leaves, which turns water and carbon dioxide into food (sugar) for a plant.

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid - a complex chemical found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, that controls the activities and life of the cell

structure - an arrangement of parts or elements; something built or constructed, such as an organelle or a cell

44. function - the job or purpose of any thing; for example: "the function of the nucleus is to direct activities of the cell"

classification - placing organisms into groups according to their similar characteristics

kingdom - the largest division of all living things; the five kingdoms are: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

organelle - organized parts of a cell, each of which has a specific job to perform for the life of the cell, like capturing energy, releasing energy, controlling the cell, etc.

scientific name - two word Latin name for a species that includes the genus and species names: humans are Homo sapiens

species - the smallest group in the taxonomic system of classification of organisms

taxonomy - the science of classification; grouping living things by similar characteristics

plant - the kingdom of usually green, multicellular organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis

fungi - kingdom of organisms which includes mushrooms, molds, and yeast which break down food before absorbing it

mitochondrion - an organelle that "burns" sugar in a cell to release energy for life processes

ribosome - an organelle that assembles amino acids from raw materials according to directions from the nucleus

cell membrane - the "skin" of a cell that holds in the cytoplasm and organelles

cell wall - in plants, bacteria and fungi, a second layer surrounding the cell membrane

seed - part of a plant containing the embryo of a new plant surrounded by starchy food

embryo - the early form of a multicellular organism; a "baby" plant, for example

cotyledon - the part of a seed containing starchy food for the new plant (the embryo)

monocot/dicot - seeds (or plants) which have one cotyledon (monocots), or two cotyledons (dicots)

xylem - tiny tubes in the stem of a plant that carry water from the roots to the rest of the plant

shoot - the first growth of the stem and leaf from a seed (appears after the root)

tap root - a thick central root of some plants (different from fibrous roots)

stomate - an opening in the surface of a leaf through which gasses and evaporated water pass

transpiration: process in which water vapor escapes from a plant through the stomates of the plant's leaves

42. phloem: tiny tubes in a plant that carry food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant

43. adaptation: a structure or behavior of an organism that is beneficial to its survival and is passed to the next generation: examples - camouflage coloration; webbed feet for swimming; a larger brain; beak shape in birds

seed coat - the water resistant outer layer of a seed that protects the embryo and cotyledons inside until conditions are right for germination

44. leaf - usually green part of a plant in which most photosynthesis takes place, producing food for the whole plant

root hairs - extensions of root cells that increase the surface area of roots to enable increased water absorption

45. root - the usually underground part of a plant which appears first when a seed germinates; roots absorb water, hold the plant in place, and sometimes store food

guard cells - curved cells which surround the openings in leaves, (forming stomates), guard cells control the movement of water through a plant

48. chlorophyll - a green pigment in leaves, that is necessary for photosynthesis

49. mass - the amount of matter in an object, measured in grams or kilograms

52. ovary - the rounded base of the pistil inside of which are found the ovules which will become seeds when fertilized

pollen - small particles containing DNA, produced on the anther of a flower, which fertilize the ovules ("eggs") of another flower to form seeds

pollen tube - a hollow tube which grows from pollen grain stuck on the stigma, down through the style to the ovary, allowing the sperm (male DNA) to travel to the eggs in the ovary of a flower

fertilization - the joining of egg and sperm in sexual reproduction to form the first cell of a new organism

manipulated variable - the part of an experiment that is changed (manipulated) by the experimenter in order to observe whether the change results in a different outcome

measured variable - the part of an experiment that can be measured to confirm that the manipulated variable had an effect on the outcome of the experiment

controlled variable - part of an experiment that must be maintained identical in each trial of the experiment, for example, in an experiment testing the effectiveness of different fertilizers in growing bean plants, the amount of soil, the type of bean seeds, the amount of water, etc. must be the same (controlled) in each trial so that any change in outcome (measured variable) can be attributed solely to the changed (manipulated) variable

habitat - the place where an organism lives, because the organism is adapted for life in that particular environment.

consumer - any organism that is not able to make its own food and must consume food from another source

producer - an organism that converts light energy into chemical energy (food). Plants are producers, as are green algae and blue-green bacteria

decomposer - organisms that obtain food by breaking down dead material into chemicals that can be recycled through the ecosystem

food web - a diagram showing the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem; arrows show the flow of energy in the food web

energy - the ability to do work; comes in many forms - chemical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, etc.

carbon dioxide - a gas which makes up less than 4% of our atmosphere, but is necessary for photosynthesis; chemical symbol: CO2

autotroph/ heterotroph - an autotroph is an organism which makes its own food (like a plant); a heterotroph is an organism that must eat other organisms for its energy needs

trophic level: the position of an organism in an ecosystem related to its feeding habits; e.g.: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, etc.

carbohydrate - a sugar or starch; the source of energy in many foods; chemical formula contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

. calorie - the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one milliliter of water one degree Celsius

herbivore, carnivore, omnivore - consumers in a food web: herbivores eat producers (plants). carnivores eat meat (other consumers), omnivores (like bears and humans) eat both plants and animals

reproductive potential - the number of offspring that an individual might possibly give birth to

limiting factor - any influence which reduces the reproductive capacity of a population

carrying capacity- the ability of an ecosystem to sustain (keep alive) a certain number of individuals

"10% rule" - on average, only 10% of energy and matter consumed by an organism at a lower trophic level is passed on to the next higher consumer level because most energy is used by any given organism to perform life processes.

detritivore - an organism like a worm or beetle that eats dead material (detritus) but doesn't break the material down into its simplest form (and is therefore not referred to as a decomposer in our book)